o energy, primarily in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is essential for powering cellular activities, from muscle contraction to nerve transmission. Types of Respiration Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen; produces maximum ATP. Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs without oxyg
ration converts glucose into energy, with aerobic and anaerobic types. Key stages include glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. Respiration’s significance lies in energy production for vital activities. Excretion removes m
Lungs: Remove carbon dioxide and water vapor produced during cellular respiration. Skin: Excretes sweat containing salts, water, and traces of urea. Liver: Converts ammonia (a toxic waste) into urea, which is less harmful and excreted via the kid
the kidney. Effect: concentrates urine, conserves water. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Activated in response to low blood volume or pressure. Promotes salt and water retention. Effect: increases bl
Pathways for air; the larynx houses the vocal cords. Trachea: Windpipe that conducts air to the bronchi. Bronchi and Bronchioles: Distribute air within the lungs. Lungs: Main organs where gas exchange occurs. Alveoli
oric acid and enzymes like pepsin. Small Intestine: Major site for digestion and absorption; enzymes from the pancreas and intestinal lining aid in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Liver and Gallbladder: Live
